Pola Dasar dan Unsur Kalimat Bahasa Inggris 

Kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis dan pola, tergantung titik pandang tujuan atau kegunaan praktis yang diinginkan. Untuk tujuan identifikasi dan analisis kalimat dalam usaha memahami artinya, kalimat bahasa Inggris tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi enam pola dasar beserta unsur-unsurnya, yaitu:

Fungsi Tipe	Subyek	Predikat	Obyek	Pelengkap	Keterangan
a. S-P	The student	run
b. S-P-O	The student	drinks	Milk
c. S-P-Pel	The student	is		a lazy student
d. S-P-Ket	The student	studies			in the library
e. S-P-O-Pel	The student	opened	the door	Quietly
f. S-P-O-Ket	The student	read	the book		at your house

Keenam pola dasar di atas dapat membentuk kalimat-kalimat bahasa Inggris yang kompleks dengan cara menggabungkan, memodifikasi, atau mensubstitusi unsur-unsurnya.  Dari  pada pola dasar di atas dapat dikategorkan  jenis kata atau bangun apa saja yang dapat menduduki posisi Subjek, Predikat, Objek, Pelengkap, dan Keterangan.

Sebagai Subjek	Kata ganti, kata benda / kelompok kata benda, kata kerja+ing (gerund), to infinitive, wh-to infinitive, dan sub klausa benda
Sebagai Predikat	Kata kerja I (+s / es), kata kerja II, to be (is, am, are, was, were), kata kerja bantu (will, can, may, must, have, had)
Sebagai Objek	Sama seperti Subjek
Sebagai Pelengkap	Kata sifat, kelompok preposisi dan yang lain sama seperti Subjek
Sebagai Keterangan	Kata keterangan, kelompok proposisi. (letak keterangan bisa di awal, tengah atau akhir kalimat)

Bentuk kata kerja dan to be dalam bahasa Inggris berubah mengikuti perubahan waktu terjadinya peristiwa. Bentuk kata kerja yang menunjuk perubahan waktu ini disebut sebagai tenses. Ada enam belas tenses dalam bahasa Inggris, tetapi untuk daily conversation umumnya menggunakan lima tenses sebagai berikut:

1. Simple present tense

menyatakan sesuatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau suatu kebiasaan, juga untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum.

2. Present continuous tense

menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat sekarang (sedang berlaku).

3. Present perfect tense

menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang dilakukan di waktu lampau tetapi masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang, atau kejadian yang baru saja dilakukan, tapi waktunya tidak disebutkan.

4. Simple past tense

menyatakan suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa di waktu lampau

5. Simple future tense

menyatakan suatu pekerjaan atau kejadian yang belum terjadi dan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

I  drink milk everyday	Minum	Simple present tense
I am drinking milk now	Sedang minum	Present continuous tense
I have drunk milk since 1999	Telah minum	Present perfect tense
I drank milk  yesterday	Telah minum	Simple past tense
I  will drink milk tomorrow	Akan minum	Simple future

SENTENCE | POLA KALIMAT DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

Noun yaitu jenis kata yang menunjuk sesuatu atau seseorang

Noun Phrase yaitu noun yang dimodifikasikan atau diterangkan, dijelaskan, diuraikan, dan dibatasi oleh embel-embel (modifiers) yang leataknya ada di depan, di belakang, atau di depan dan di belakang noun.

Pronoun yaitu kata yang digunakan untuk menggatikan nounseperti: I, You, They, He, She, It dan lain-lain.

Gerund yaitu kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja dalam bentuk Ving.

Gerund Phrase yaitu gerund yang diikuti oleh elemen-elemen complemenentary seperti C, A, atau O.

To infinitive yaitu kata benda yang berasaldari kata kerja.

Adjective yaitu jenis kata yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan, menerangkan, menggambarkan atau menguraikan noun.

Present participle yaitu bentuk Ving yang berfungsi sebagai non-noun(bukan noun) yaitu sebagai kata sifat (adjective) atau kata keterangan (Adverb)

Past Participle yaitu VIII yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan atau adverb yang ditandai tidak adanya “auxiliary be” dan “auxiliary have” di depan VIII tersebut.

Verb yaitu suatu jenis kata yang menunjukkan perbuatan, tindakan, kegiatan atau keadaan dari subjek.

Verb phrase yaitu verb yang disusun atas verb utama yang di dahului oleh kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb).

Pola Kalimat

Dalam bahasa inggris, bentuk kata kerja (verb) dan to be berubah mengikuti perubahan waktu terjadinya peristiwa. Bentuk kata kerja yang menunjuk perubahan waktu ini disebut tenses.

1. POLA KALIMAT I :

S  +  V  + (O)  +  (A)

S	V	O	Adv
He	studies (verb I) studied (verb II) will study must study can study have studied (verb III) had studied (verb III)	English	at school last semester next year for his future efficiently for six years before it

Dalam bahasa inggris kata kerja (verb) juga mempunyai pola2 tersendiri. Karena itu pola kalimat ini mempunyai beberapa variasi.

a (S)  +  V  +  (O)  +  (Adv)

For example:

1. Read chapter 10.

2. Please give your assignment tomorrow.

3. Do not forget it.

b. S   +   V   +   (Adv)

For example:

1. My father works in a foreign company.

2. The guests arrived this morning.

3. He has come to visit you.

4. The poor man died because of hunger.

c. S  +  V  +  O  +  (Adv)

1. he speaks French fluently

2. I can contact him if necessary

3. He could finish the work in spite of his illness.

d. S  +  V  +  O  +  O  +  (Adv)

1. They told us the secret.

2. My brother bought me a dictionary.

e. S   +   V   +   O   +  preposition  +  O  +  (Adv)

1. They told the secret to us.

2. My brother bought a dictionary for me

f. S  +  V  +  to infinitive +  (O)  +  ( Adv)

1. The tourist wants to leave now.

2. We forget to have lunch.

g. S  +  V  +  gerund  +  (O)  +  (Adv)

1. Some students like playing truant.

2. His uncle has stopped smoking.

h. S  +  V(linking verb)  +  complement(pelengkap)  +  (Adv)

1. The boy looks happy this morning.

2. The offer sounds interesting.

3. He remained a teacher.

i. S  +   V  +  O  +   complement (pelengkap)  + (Adv)

1. I find statistics difficult

2. They consider you a good student.

j. S  +  V  +  O  + to infinitive  +  (Adv)

1.We kindly asked her to come.

2. The committee expect the delegation to arrive soon.

k. S  +  v  =  O  + infinitive  + (O)  +  (Adv)

1. The dean let them hold the meeting

2. You must make your students think.

l. S  +  V  +  O  +  Ving  +  (Adv)

1. I saw the children playing in the street.

2. The librarian often catches students stealing the books.

m. S  +  V  +  O  +  VIII  +  (Adv)

1.     We will have the car repainted.

2.     The clerk can get the identity card done for you.

2. POLA KALIMAT II :

S  +  to be  +  complement  +  (Adv)

Pola kalimat ini mempunyai variasi:

a. S  +  to be  +  Adjective (kt.sifat)

1. Those flowers are beautiful.

2. The passengers of the wrecked ship were hopeless

3. Smoking is not good for health.

4. (You) Be careful

Pada pola  TO BE tidak mempunyai arti secara harfiah. Pola ini sering pula diikuti oleh to infinitive.

Contoh:

1. I am pleased to meet you.

2. Statistics is difficult to learn.

b. S  +  to be  +  Noun (Kata benda/dibendakan)

1.     I am a student.

2.     My hobby is reading

3.     Its purpose is to get some information.

4.     To love is to sacrifice.

Dalam variasi pola ini TO BE bisa diartikan adalah. Sedangkan reading(Ving), to get, to love, dan tosacrifice(to  infinitive) dalam hal ini dianggap benda/dibendakan.

c.  S  + to be  +  preposition/ Adv

1. All the instruments are in the laboratory

2. The child’s mother is there.

3. The mountaineers are on the right way.

Dalam variasi pola ini TO BE bisa diartikan ada/berada

c. S  +  to be  +  Verb ing (sedang)

1.     The government is building more vocational schools

2.     They were working in the project.

d. S   +  to be  + verb III  (pasif: di-/ter-)

1. This bridge is made of concrete

2. Some of the machines are produced in Indonesia.

e. S  +  to be  +  to infinitive  (harus; direncanakan)

1.     You are to leave tomorrow

2.     The minister is to arrive this afternoon.

f.  S  +  to be  +  Noun clause

1. My reason is that your presence is very poor.

2. That is what I am looking for.

3. POLA KALIMAT III :

There  +  to be  +  S  +   (Adv)

Dalam pola seperti ini there bukan berarti di sana, tetapi mempunyai arti ada.

Contoh

1. There is a book on the table.

2. There are some differences between them.

3. There is not much improvement in his study.

4. POLA KALIMAT IV :

It  +  to be/ Verb(lingking) + complement  +  S  +  (Adv)

Pola ini mempunyai kesamaan dengan pola kalimat II.

1. To smoke much is bad It  is bad to smoke much.

S                     V   C                  V   C                 S

2. That he came here is true It  is true that he came here

S                  V   C                   V    C                S

3. It seems primitive to suggest such an idea.

4. It becomes clear that she is innocent.

It   +  V  +  (O)   +  S  +  ( Adv)

5. It needs a lot of money to finance your study.

6.  It took the party two hours to get to the top of the mountain.

7.  It seems that youth expect more but work less.

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Sentence Patterns

There are a number of common sentence patterns used to write most sentences in English. The basic sentence patterns presented in this guide to sentence patterns will help you understand the underlying pattern in even the most complex English sentences. Parts of speech are put together to create sentence patterns in English. Quickly, the eight parts of speech are as follows:
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
Six Sentence Patterns
Sentence Patterns #1 - Noun / Verb
The most basic sentence pattern is a noun followed by a verb. It's important to remember that only verbs that do not require objects are used in this sentence pattern.
Examples:
People work.
Frank eats.
This basic sentence pattern can be modified by adding a noun phrase, possessive adjective, as well as other elements. This is true for all the sentence patterns that follow.
Examples:
People work. -> Our employees work.
Frank eats. -> My dog Frank eats.
Sentence Patterns #2 - Noun / Verb / Noun
The next sentence pattern builds on the first pattern and is used with nouns that can take objects.
Examples:
John plays softball.
The boys are watching TV.
Sentence Patterns #3 - Noun / Verb / Adverb
The next sentence pattern builds on the first pattern by using an adverb to describe how an action is done.
Examples:
Thomas drives quickly.
Anna doesn't sleep deeply.
Sentence Patterns #4 - Noun / Linking Verb / Noun
This sentence pattern uses linking verbs to link one noun to another. Linking verbs are also known as equating verbs - verbs which equate one thing with another such as 'be', 'become', 'seem', etc.
Examples:
Jack is a student.
This seed will become an apple.
Sentence Patterns #5 - Noun / Linking Verb / Adjective
This sentence pattern is similar to sentence pattern #4, but uses linking verbs to link one noun to its description using an adjective.
Examples:
My computer is slow!
Her parents seem unhappy.
Sentence Patterns #6 - Noun / Verb / Noun / Noun
Sentence pattern #6 is used with verbs that take both direct and indirect objects.
Examples:
I bought Katherine a gift.
Jennifer showed Peter her car.

Sentence Patterns from a Functional Perspective

FORM AND FUNCTION PAGE 8/9

In order to summarise what we have learned, we will now look at some typical sentence patterns from a functional perspective. We will then conclude this section by looking at some untypical patterns, on the next page. As we've seen, the Subject is usually (but not always) the first element in a sentence, and it is followed by the verb: Pattern 1 Subject Verb David The dog Susan sings barked yawned In this pattern, the verb is not followed by any Object, and we refer to this as an intransitive verb. If the verb is monotransitive, it takes a Direct Object, which follows the verb: Pattern 2 Subject Verb Direct Object David The professor The jury sings wants found ballads to retire the defendant guilty   In the ditransitive pattern, the verb is followed by an Indirect Object and a Direct Object, in that order: Pattern 3 Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object The old man My uncle The detectives  gave sent asked the children me Amy some money a present lots of questions Adjuncts are syntactically peripheral to the rest of the sentence. They may occur at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, and they may occur in all three of the patterns above: Pattern 4 (Adjunct) Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object (Adjunct) [1] Usually David sings in the bath [2] Unfortunately the professor wants to retire this year [3] At the start of the trial the judge showed the jury the photographs in a private chamber Pattern 4 is essentially a conflation of the other three, with Adjuncts added. We have bracketed the Adjuncts to show that they are optional. Strictly speaking, Objects are also optional, since they are only required by monotransitive and ditransitive verbs, as in the examples [2] and [3] above. Match the sentences to the patterns: Top of Form 1. The wall collapsed A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) 2. During the war, many people lost their homes A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) 3. I promised the children a trip to the zoo A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) 4. When he was 12, David moved to London A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) 5. Paul hired a bicycle A. Subject -- Verb B. Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object C. Subject -- Verb -- Indirect Object -- Direct Object D. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- Direct Object E. (Adjunct) -- Subject -- Verb -- (Adjunct) Bottom of Form

Sentence patterns

Just about all sentences in the English language fall into ten patterns determined by the presence and functions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
The patterns are most easily classified according to the type of verb used:
   Verb of being patterns (1, 2, 3) use a form of the verb to be as the main verb in the sentence.
                    is      are      was      were      has been     have been      had been
    Linking verb patterns (4, 5) use one of the linking verbs as the main verb in the sentence.  The linking verb is followed by a noun or adjective functioning as a subjective complement.
                    smell     taste     look     feel     seem     become      appear     grow
  Action verb patterns (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) use one of the many action verbs as the main verb in the sentence.  The action verb may be either transitive (take a direct object) or intransitive (not take a direct object).
                    see    jump      embrace    write    imagine    buy    plummet    think  etc.

   Terms used to identify various parts of each sentence pattern include the following:

• NP = noun phrase

            This abbreviation refers to a headword noun and its modifiers ("noun phrase") functioning as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, or objective complement.

• NP1, NP2, NP3, etc. = designations for different noun phrase functions

            Numbers in sequential order are used with each NP to designate its difference from or similarity to other NPs before and after it.

·         V-be = verb of being

·         LV = linking verb

·         V-int = intransitive verb

·         V-tr = transitive verb

·         ADV/TP = adverbial of time or place

• ADJ = adjective

THE TEN SENTENCE PATTERNS

1.  NP1 + V-be + ADV/TP
   The verb of being is followed by an adverb indicating where or when.
                                                             More information on subjects
   The adverbial indicating where or when may be a prepositional phrase.
                                     
2.  NP1 + V-be + ADJ
   The verb of being is followed by an adjective that functions as the subjective complement.
                      More information on subjective complements
   The adjectival functioning as the subjective complement may be a prepositional phrase.
       
       
3.  NP1 + V-be + NP1
   The verb of being is followed by a noun that functions as the subjective complement.
       
        Note:  The second NP receives the same numerical designation as the first NP because the second NP, the subjective complement, is the same as the subject (Mr. James = teacher).
4.  NP1 + LV + ADJ
   The linking verb is followed by an adjective functioning as a subjective complement.
       
   The adjectival functioning as the subjective complement may be a prepositional phrase.
       
5.  NP1 + LV + NP1
   The linking verb is followed by a noun functioning as a subjective complement.
       
    Note:  The second NP receives the same numerical designation as the first NP because the second NP, the subjective complement, is the same as the subject (Joan = Buddhist).
6.  NP1 + V-int
   The action verb takes no direct object.
       
    Even if the action verb is followed by a prepositional phrase, the verb is still intransitive as long as it does not take a direct object.
       
7.  NP1 + V-tr + NP2
   The action verb is followed by a direct object.
                                         More information on  direct objects
    Note:  The second NP, the direct object, receives a different numerical designation (NP2) because it is not the same as the subject (NP1).
8.  NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP3
   The action verb is followed by an indirect object and then a direct object.
                                  More information on indirect objects
    Note:  The indirect object and the direct object each receive a new numerical designation because each is different from the other and both are different from the subject.
9.  NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + ADJ
   The action verb is followed by a direct object.  The direct object is followed by an adjective functioning as an objective complement.
                            More information on objective complements
    Note:  The second NP, the direct object, receives a different numerical designation (NP2) because it is not the same as the subject (NP1).
10. NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP2
   The action verb is followed by a direct object.  The direct object is followed by a noun functioning as an objective complement.
  
   Note:  The second NP, the direct object, receives a different numerical designation (NP2) because it is not the same as the subject (NP1).  The third NP, the objective complement, receives the same numerical designation as the direct object (NP2) because it is the same as the direct object (Jacobsen = friend).